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Emulation in Academia: Balancing Structure and Identity

Goizueta Business School, 1300 Clifton Road, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Department of Management and Industrial Relations, College of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6025, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
School of Information Science and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, 504 Rider Building, 120 South Burrowes Street, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801
Department of Management and Organization, Smeal College of Business Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, 403 Beam BAB, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
A.B. Freeman School of Business, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana70118
joe_labianca{at}bus.emory.edu
jfairban{at}wvu.edu
jthomas{at}ist.psu.edu
dag4{at}psu.edu
eumphre{at}tulane.edu

This study seeks to expand our understanding of interorganizational emulation decisions made by top administrators in a broad sample of American colleges and universities. We analyze their emulation choices and show that these decision makers tend to emulate universities similar to their own. Our findings suggest, however, that the choice of emulation target within one's industry is not simply a matter of choosing the most structurally similar organization, but rather that identity-related attributes, such as reputation, organizational image, and organizational identity, also play a significant role in the emulation decision. The data also show that industry subgroups based on emulation decisions (strategic reference groups) differ in both structural and identity-related attributes. Further, interorganizational emulation decisions based on tactics of upward comparison (e.g., emulating universities with better reputations) are associated with greater strategic change, while downward comparisons are associated with greater perceived external threat. Finally, the data show that top management's perceptions of the university's level of environmental threat are related to their choice of a more coarse-grained or fine-grained set of attributes when determining the emulation target. We discuss some of these findings’implications for theory and practice.

Key Words: Emulation; Strategic Reference Groups; Organizational Image And Identity; Reputation

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